India's population explosion prompts urgent debate about having more children

India is currently facing a demographic challenge as its fertility rates have dropped below the replacement level of two births per woman in 17 out of 29 states and territories. The five southern states particularly affected – Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, and Telangana – have total fertility rates significantly lower than the national average, with Tamil Nadu at 1.4 and Kerala at 1.6. Leaders in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu have begun advocating for policies to encourage families to have more children due to concerns over low fertility and an aging population. These states believe their previous population control measures might lead to a loss of political representation as India prepares for its first delimitation since 1976, expected to occur in 2026. Demographers warn that populous northern states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar stand to gain additional parliamentary seats, which may adversely affect southern states. With the rapid aging of the population, experts emphasize the need for strategies to sustain economic contributions from older individuals and address potential workforce shortages. The challenge is compounded by the fact that India's fertility rate of 1.5 is comparable to that of countries like Sweden, but with much lower per capita income. As the aging population grows, the burden of social security and pensions on a declining workforce becomes increasingly heavy. Policymakers are therefore pressed to extend retirement ages, enhance social security measures, and encourage healthier living practices, hoping to reap a potential 'silver dividend' from older populations by ensuring they remain productive members of society. However, demographers caution that merely urging couples to have more children is unlikely to reverse declining trends, as this requires long-term shifts in societal norms and economic conditions. Ultimately, southern states face the daunting task of navigating shifting demographic realities while maintaining their economic performance and influence in India's political landscape.