Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine, which began in February 2022, has evolved into a grinding war of attrition. Over more than four years, Moscow has repeatedly used massive missile and drone barrages to target Ukrainian cities and critical infrastructure, aiming to break civilian morale and degrade the country's ability to fight. This strategy has been a constant feature, with attacks intensifying during key diplomatic moments, as seen in December 2025 when Russia launched over 650 drones and missiles just as U.S.-Ukraine peace talks were underway. The conflict has also seen Ukraine develop innovative responses, including sea drones that have pushed the Russian Black Sea fleet back from the coast and long-range strikes deep into Russian territory.

The war has become a test of international support, with Europe increasingly viewing Ukraine as essential to its own security. European officials have conducted exercises on invoking the EU's mutual defense clause, Article 42.7, and have discussed plans for a multinational force to secure peace in Ukraine. This reflects a broader shift as the United States, under President Donald Trump, has sought to reduce its involvement and push for a negotiated settlement. The conflict has also drawn in neighboring countries, with NATO members like Poland scrambling fighter jets in response to Russian strikes near their borders.