Neandertals designed unique hearths for tar production in Gibraltar

In a significant archaeological find in Gibraltar, researchers have uncovered evidence suggesting that Neandertals, approximately 65,000 years ago, were capable of constructing complex fire structures specifically for the production of tar. This evidence was located in a sea cave that provided shelter from harsh weather, and analysis revealed that the hearth was likely used to extract tar from the resin of local gum rockrose plants, a finding that shines a light on the advanced skills of these ancient hominids. Previously, it was known that Neandertals used tar as an adhesive in weapon-making, indicating an understanding of material properties and crafting techniques. The discovery was made by a team led by botanist Juan Ochando Tomás from the University of Murcia, who carried out comprehensive sediment analysis in a pit found at the site. The pit contained a mixture of charcoal, pollen, and chemical signatures indicating the burning of resinous plants, alongside crystals interpreted as tar. The process of recreating the hearth involved filling a hole with parts of rockroses, sealing it with sand, and igniting it, which successfully produced enough tar to create tools. The implications of these findings reveal innovative methods among Neandertals for manipulating natural resources for tool-making, which challenge previous perceptions of their capabilities. Andrew Sorensen, an archaeologist not directly involved in the research, acknowledged the uniqueness of the discovery. He noted that most Neandertal hearths discovered until now were more rudimentary, suggesting that these ancient beings may have had a lesser frequency of fire use during this particular time. Sorensen emphasized that the evidence from sediment analysis and the successful reconstruction of the hearth provides robust support for the hypothesis that Neandertals engaged in deliberate and intricate methods to obtain tar, a practice that adds complexity to their known use of materials. As researchers continue to investigate the site, there is a growing curiosity about the potential residue on stone tools that may align with the physical and chemical characteristics of rockrose tar. This could further solidify the understanding of Neandertals’ utilization of tar as an adhesive and their overall technological sophistication in tool-making. The study, published in 'Quaternary Science Reviews' on November 12, marks a step forward in unraveling the behavioral practices of Neandertals, paving the way for ongoing inquiry into their intellectual and practical capabilities.