Understanding mosquito-borne diseases: EEE, West Nile, and malaria outbreaks

Mosquito-borne diseases have gained attention due to recent cases in the U.S., particularly eastern equine encephalitis (EEE). In 2023, three cases of EEE were reported in Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Vermont, prompting health officials to advise residents to stay indoors during peak mosquito activity. EEE is caused by a virus that can lead to severe symptoms, including fever and brain swelling, with a mortality rate of about one-third among those infected. West Nile virus is another concern, with 216 reported cases this year. Approximately 20% of those infected show symptoms, and about 10% of those with severe symptoms may die. The virus is prevalent in certain areas, and local health departments are actively working to control mosquito populations through insecticide spraying. Globally, malaria remains a significant threat, infecting nearly 250 million people in 2022 and resulting in over 600,000 deaths, primarily among children. Recent vaccination campaigns aim to reduce the incidence and mortality rates associated with malaria. Dengue fever, also known as 'break-bone fever,' is on the rise, with the World Health Organization estimating that half of the world's population is at risk. In the U.S., most cases are linked to international travel, but there have been about 2,600 locally acquired cases this year. The increasing prevalence of these diseases highlights the ongoing public health challenges posed by mosquitoes.