The Return of Paul Nitze—and His Dangers

Paul Nitze was a significant figure in U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War, serving as the head of the State Department's Policy Planning Staff under President Truman. He was a strong advocate for military strength, believing that the U.S. needed to maintain overwhelming military capabilities to deter adversaries. His influential work, NSC-68, laid the foundation for U.S. strategy during the Cold War, emphasizing the importance of a credible military deterrent. Nitze's views shaped defense spending policies and nuclear strategy, particularly during the tense periods of the Berlin Crisis and the Cuban Missile Crisis. As the Cold War progressed, Nitze's focus shifted towards nuclear policy, advocating for an increase in U.S. nuclear capabilities. His perspective was that the avoidance of nuclear conflict was paramount, even over domestic welfare concerns. This mindset influenced U.S. responses to Soviet actions, including the invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, and highlighted the necessity of a robust military presence globally. In contemporary times, the U.S. faces similar challenges with rising powers like China and Russia. The Biden administration has sought to strengthen defense alliances in the Indo-Pacific and update nuclear strategies to counter these threats. The ongoing military buildup in China and the expiration of the New START treaty in 2026 signal a return to a competitive military landscape reminiscent of the Cold War. Ultimately, while military preparedness is crucial, the current competition with China also emphasizes economic and technological dimensions. Nitze's legacy serves as a reminder that an excessive focus on military supremacy can distract from broader strategic considerations, potentially leading to future crises that necessitate arms control negotiations.