Frank Close reveals women's contributions to nuclear science

In early 2023, Frank Close, a particle physicist and professor emeritus at the University of Oxford, was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. His treatment involved three weeks of radiotherapy, which offered him a new perspective on the powerful nature of radiation. These experiences, combined with a conversation with his grandson about the Tsar Bomba—the most powerful nuclear bomb ever detonated—sparked Close's decision to examine the dual nature of nuclear energy in his latest book. The book begins its narrative in July 1945 with the Trinity test, representing the dawn of the nuclear age. The narrative progresses back in time to key milestones in nuclear science, starting with the discovery of radioactivity in the late 19th century. Close introduces various historical figures, including William Crookes, who mistakenly associated his observations in a vacuum tube with spiritual phenomena, and George Gamow, who added significant understanding to the concepts of nuclear reactions. However, a significant focus of the book is on the contributions of women, particularly physicists who have been overlooked in historical accounts. Close highlights the challenges faced by female scientists, such as Lise Meitner, who, despite her accomplishments, was marginalized due to her gender while working at the University of Vienna. The book also features Irène Joliot-Curie, the daughter of famous scientists, who contributed to nuclear fission research but faced skepticism from male colleagues. Close emphasizes that these women's efforts and discoveries were crucial in shaping nuclear physics but were often overshadowed by their male counterparts. The text explores 20th-century nuclear developments, leading to key breakthroughs that defined the scientific discourse around atomic energy and nuclear weapons. Moreover, Close delves into the mystery surrounding Ettore Majorana, an influential theoretical physicist who disappeared in 1938, leaving behind numerous speculations about his fate. Majorana's legacy influenced the work of future physicists, creating intrigue around his contributions and disappearance. Overall, Close’s book aims at providing a comprehensive and balanced understanding of the history of nuclear physics, while bringing attention to the crucial roles played by women in a predominantly male-led field. By addressing the complexity and ethical implications of nuclear energy, the book seeks to inform readers about the past to better understand the present nuclear landscape.