Rwanda-backed rebels seize major cities in Congo amid escalating conflict

In January 2025, Rwanda-backed M23 rebels captured Goma, a major city in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The rebels have since marched southward, seizing Bukavu this past weekend. Their advance has raised concerns about a potential regional conflict as they appear to threaten stability in a mineral-rich area critical for global supply chains. The M23 group, comprised mainly of ethnic Tutsis who previously failed to integrate into the Congolese army, claims to be safeguarding their community from discrimination while critics allege that their actions are driven by a desire for economic and political control in the region. This marked escalation of violence has been facilitated by support from the Rwandan military, with reports indicating substantial troop and weaponry backing. International responses have been cautious, largely focusing on calls for dialogue and a ceasefire without implementing strict financial or diplomatic pressures on Rwanda, which has historically played a complex role in Congo's conflicts. Observers suggest that this muted action may stem from guilt over past failures to intervene in crises in Rwanda, particularly the 1994 genocide, and Rwanda's increasing geopolitical influence. The urgency for resolution has escalated, with regional leaders participating in summits urging for a ceasefire. However, the M23 rebels have indicated refusal to withdraw unless conditions are met, such as halting the Congolese military's operations. This ongoing conflict raises alarms of reminiscent broader regional warfare, drawing in complex historical social dynamics and extended regional alliances, given the DRC's rich natural resources that have often fueled prolonged conflicts.