Archaeologists uncover ancient city of Peñico in Peru

In recent findings, archaeologists have unveiled an ancient urban center known as Peñico in Peru, which thrived approximately 3,500 years ago. Situated at an elevation of around 600 meters, Peñico is considered a significant contemporary of early civilizations like Egypt and Sumer, establishing itself as a prominent trading hub linking the coastal regions of South America with the Andes mountains. The site was uncovered over a period of eight years, revealing diverse constructions, including residential complexes and public buildings. The discovery is crucial in expanding our understanding of pre-Columbian societies in South America, especially following the collapse of the earlier Caral civilization due to climate changes. Initial excavations have uncovered a total of 18 structures, among which a notable building, referred to as “B2,” draws attention for its intricate stone reliefs, indicating its importance. The artisanship displayed includes designs of pututus, traditional Andean instruments, suggesting their cultural significance in communication and religious practices. Other findings, including sculptures and ceremonial artifacts like necklaces made from various materials, point towards the community's artistic endeavors and social complexity. This discovery greatly enhances our comprehension of Andean civilization, as Peñico likely became a node in an exchange network, especially for iron mineral hematite, a resource utilized for creating red pigments with symbolic importance. The archaeologist Ruth Shady remarked on the strategic location's role in enhancing trade interactions with neighboring societies spanning coastal, highland, and jungle territories. This new insight not only emphasizes Peñico as key in regional trade but also provides a perspective on how climate factors led to the evolution of new urban centers in response to the decline of older civilizations. The ongoing studies and findings at the Peñico site not only enrich the archaeological narrative of Peru but also symbolize the resilience and ingenuity of early Andean inhabitants. With the public opening of Peñico, scholars and visitors alike will have the opportunity to engage with a vital chapter of South American history, fostering a deeper appreciation for the region’s ancient cultures and their impacts on subsequent civilizations.