Ancient soldier Flaccus uncovered in Dutch settlement, sparking debates on Roman history

In a remarkable archaeological find, the remains of a Roman soldier named Flaccus have been uncovered in a grave in Heerlen, a southeastern city in the Netherlands. This grave, containing numerous artifacts, is estimated to be around 2,000 years old, dating back to the early years of the Roman Empire, around 0 to 20 AD, during the rule of Emperor Augustus. The excavation, carried out by ADC ArcheoProjecten at the Raadhuisplein, revealed not only the human remains but also several important artifacts that illuminate the life and times of Flaccus. Flaccus, identified as the oldest named individual in the region's history, was found buried with significant items, including a bronze bathing tool known as a strigil, pottery shards, and terra sigillata plates. Notably, one of the plates bore the abbreviated nickname 'FLAC,' indicating a personal connection to the soldier and providing insights into the cultural practices of that time. The discovery reinforces the idea that Heerlen was an active Roman settlement, particularly as it was located at the junction of two major roads — the Via Belgica and Via Traiana — which facilitated movement and trade. The presence of Flaccus' remains and associated artifacts suggests a well-established military community at Coriovallum, the name by which Heerlen was known during the Roman period. Initially established in the early first century CE, Coriovallum served as a military outpost during the early stages of Roman expansion into what is now the Netherlands. This period marked a significant phase in the area, as the Roman Empire sought to extend its influence and control over the region, despite only the southern half being fully integrated into the Empire. The archaeological findings, once thought to be mere fragments of pottery, provide compelling evidence of Roman habitation and presence in Heerlen, contradicting earlier assumptions that items found in the area could have been remnants left by transient visitors. The speculative nature of previous finds is now replaced with concrete evidence, making Flaccus' discovery a key milestone in understanding the historical narrative of Roman settlements in this part of Europe. This find not only enhances the knowledge about the military dynamics of the time but also illustrates the diverse cultural practices of the Roman soldier and the broader implications of Roman expansionist policies in the region.