Sustainable aviation fuel could transform air travel by capturing carbon from the air

Recent advancements in sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) technology showcase the potential for a cleaner future in aviation. In countries like the United States and those within Europe, researchers are working on producing fuels using carbon dioxide (CO2) captured from the atmosphere, coupled with renewable hydrogen sourced via electrolysis powered by renewable energy. This innovative approach may lead to e-fuels, or electrofuels, which are capable of significantly reducing lifecycle emissions associated with air travel. However, the high costs of carbon capture and electrolysis currently inhibit widespread adoption, posing a challenge for airlines and investors alike. There are two primary types of sustainable aviation fuel currently in development: bio-based SAF and e-SAF. Bio-based SAF is derived from organic materials such as used cooking oil and agricultural waste and is more commercially available at a cost of approximately 2,085 euros per ton, whereas conventional jet fuel prices sit around 734 euros per ton. In contrast, e-SAF is still in the nascent stages of production and remains more expensive due to the costs involved in carbon capture and other required technologies. Nonetheless, advocates believe that e-fuels present a more sustainable solution as they can be produced without competing for agricultural land or resources. Despite significant interest from major airlines—including United Airlines, Lufthansa Group, and Japan Airlines, which have formed partnerships with clean fuel companies—the transition from fossil fuels has proven complex. Corporate pledges from technology companies like Microsoft, Amazon, and Google for SAF purchases indicate a growing commitment to green travel, but airline investments in e-fuels remain limited. Efforts are underway to improve access to diverse supply chains of SAF and validate their use on larger scales, as industry players work toward the goal of implementing cleaner fuel sources for commercial flights. With ongoing developments, there is optimism that these e-fuels could allow for aviation to be virtually emissions-free in the future. Study findings highlight that if e-fuels can achieve practical viability and if investments continue, it may soon become common to fly on fuel derived from air. Stakeholders are encouraged to invest in emerging green technologies, which could lead to more options and make flying a more environmentally friendly endeavor.